Summary

📄 One Page Summary

Key Definitions:

  • Metal: Shiny, malleable, ductile, sonorous, good conductor of heat and electricity
  • Non-metal: Dull, brittle, poor conductor (exceptions: diamond hardness, graphite conductivity)
  • Alloy: Homogeneous mixture of metals or metal with non-metal
  • Ionic Bond: Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions formed by electron transfer
  • Reactivity Series: Arrangement of metals in decreasing order of reactivity
  • Corrosion: Gradual destruction of metals by environmental chemical reactions
  • Ore: Mineral from which metals can be extracted profitably
  • Gangue: Unwanted rocky material mixed with ore

Physical Properties Comparison:

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Chemical Properties:

Metals:

  • Metal + O₂ → Metal Oxide (basic)
  • Metal + H₂O → Metal Hydroxide + H₂
  • Metal + Acid → Salt + H₂
  • More reactive displaces less reactive

Non-Metals:

  • Non-metal + O₂ → Non-metal Oxide (acidic)
  • Non-metal oxides + H₂O → Acids
  • React with hydrogen to form compounds

Reactivity Series: K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > H > Cu > Hg > Ag > Au

Extraction Methods:

  • Most Reactive (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al): Electrolysis
  • Medium Reactive (Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu): Chemical reduction
  • Least Reactive (Cu, Hg, Ag, Au): Heat alone or found free

Important Alloys:

  • Steel: Fe + C (construction)
  • Stainless Steel: Fe + Cr + Ni (corrosion resistance)
  • Bronze: Cu + Sn (statues, medals)
  • Brass: Cu + Zn (musical instruments)
  • Duralumin: Al + Cu + Mg + Mn (aircraft)