Summary

Key Definitions:

• Acid: Substances that release H⁺ ions in water, have sour taste, turn blue litmus red
• Base: Substances that release OH⁻ ions in water, have bitter taste, turn red litmus blue
• Salt: Ionic compounds formed when acids react with bases
• pH: Scale (0-14) measuring hydrogen ion concentration in solutions
• Neutralization: Acid + Base → Salt + Water + Heat

Important Reactions:

• Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas
• Acid + Metal Carbonate → Salt + CO₂ + Water
• Acid + Base → Salt + Water (Neutralization)
• Base + Non-metal Oxide → Salt + Water

Key Industrial Processes:

• Chlor-alkali Process: 2NaCl + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + Cl₂ + H₂
• Solvay Process: NaCl + CO₂ + NH₃ + H₂O → NaHCO₃ + NH₄Cl

Daily Life Applications:

• Antacids: Neutralize excess stomach acid
• Soil Treatment: Lime for acidic soil, organic matter for basic soil
• Food Preservation: Citric acid, acetic acid
• Cleaning: Soap (basic), toilet cleaners (acidic)

🔄 Comparison Tables